Sodium chloride
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Sodium chloride | |
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Names: | sodium chloride salt table salt edible salt rock salt regular salt common salt sea salt Е508 food additive
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Formula: | NaCl |
SMILES: | [Cl-].[Na+] |
Molar mass: | 58.443 g/mol |
Density: | 2.165 g/cm3 |
Crystal system: | cubic (anhydrous) a=5.6404 Å, b=5.6404 Å, c=5.6404 Åα=90°, β=90°, γ=90° monoclinic (dihydrate) α=90°, γ=90° |
Shapes: |
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Color: | colorless white grey |
Melting point: | 800.7 °C1,073.85 K <br />1,473.26 °F <br />1,932.93 °R <br /> |
Boiling point: | 1465 °C1,738.15 K <br />2,669 °F <br />3,128.67 °R <br /> |
Decomposition point: | 0.15 °C273.3 K <br />32.27 °F <br />491.94 °R <br /> (dihydrate) |
Refractive index: | 1.5442 |
Magnetic properties: | diamagnetic χ=-3.03 · 10-5cm³/mol |
Stability: | stable |
Hardness: | strong (2.5 on Moh's scale) |
Toxicity: | non-toxic LD50=3000mg/kg |
Description
Minerals
Occurs in nature as halite and hydrohalite minerals.Where to buy
In grocery store (as "table salt", mixture with small amount of potassium and magnesium chlorides).Precursors
Reaction between sodium hydroxide, hydrocarbonate or carbonate and hydrochloric acid
Chemical equation:
100.00
g of sodium chloride а 68.44
g of hydroxide or 143.74
g of hydrocarbonate or 90.68
g of carbonate and 164.18
g of 38%
hydrochloric acid is required.Influence of temperature
Increase solution temperature to 40° or more leads to growing only polycrystals or crust on the walls of vessel. Below this temperature in most cases a "hopper" or "skeletal" growth begins - the growth of large single crystals begins on the faces of other single crystal, forming a something like a frame or "skeleton".Crystals of dihydrate begin to form at negative solution temperatures
Influence of impurities
The addition of significant amounts of other metal chlorides positively affects at crystal size and shape. For example, the additition of iron(II) chloride leads to growing large crystals with slight yellow-brown impregnations inside. Similarly, the addition of copper(II) chloride leads to forming large green color crystals. An admixture of more than 40% of potassium chloride leads to growing large colorless single crystals.Also, addition of dyes or some organic compounds influenses crystal shape. For example, addition or urea leads to changing crystal shape to cuboctahedron, octahedron or their derivatives, often distorted.
Some solvents have the same effect. Growing crystal from a mixture of water and ethanol leads to forming pyramids, while growing from ammonia solution changes shape to a snowflake-like one.
Adding a little glycine(~8g/L) can improve the transparency.
Storage conditions
Store in its original form or under several layers of varnish at average humidity and room temperature. Do not store in matchboxes or cotton wool and do not heat.Solubility
Temperature | гр/100,00 гр water | гр/100,00 гр ethanol | гр/100,00 гр ethanol 40% | гр/100,00 гр ethanol 50% | гр/100,00 гр ethanol 75% | гр/100,00 гр methanol | гр/100,00 гр glycerol | гр/100,00 гр DMSO | гр/100,00 гр ethyl acetate | гр/100,00 гр ethylene glycol | гр/100,00 гр hydrochloric acid | гр/100,00 гр acetic acid | гр/100,00 гр propanol | гр/100,00 гр isopropanol | гр/100,00 гр isobutanol | гр/100,00 гр 1-butanol | гр/100,00 гр 2-butanol | гр/100,00 гр 1-pentanol | гр/100,00 гр 1-hexanol | гр/100,00 гр ammonia | гр/100,00 гр hydrazine | гр/100,00 гр hydroxylamine | гр/100,00 гр dimethylformamide | гр/100,00 гр N-methylformamide | гр/100,00 гр formamide | гр/100,00 гр acetonitrile | гр/100,00 гр isoamyl alcohol | гр/100,00 гр benzyl alcohol |
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0°C273.15 K <br />32 °F <br />491.67 °R <br /> | 35.7 | 46.4 | 12.9 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
10°C283.15 K <br />50 °F <br />509.67 °R <br /> | ~35.8 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
15°C288.15 K <br />59 °F <br />518.67 °R <br /> | ~35.9 | 13.25 | 9.77 | 0.661 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
20°C293.15 K <br />68 °F <br />527.67 °R <br /> | 35.9 | 0.7 | 1.43 | 0.0005 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 8 | 14.7 | 0.00015 | 0.0016 | 0.017 | ||||||||||||||||
25°C298.15 K <br />77 °F <br />536.67 °R <br /> | 36.02 | 0.06 | ~0.71 | 1.39 | 8.2 | 0.5 | 0.24 | 7.15 | 0.012 | 0.0027 | 0.00047 | 0.04 | 3.2 | 9.4 | 0.00025 | |||||||||||||
30°C303.15 K <br />86 °F <br />545.67 °R <br /> | 36.15 | ~0.06 | ~0.72 | 1.38 | 0.11 | 0.074 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
40°C313.15 K <br />104 °F <br />563.67 °R <br /> | 36.43 | ~0.07 | 0.736 | 1.33 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
50°C323.15 K <br />122 °F <br />581.67 °R <br /> | 36.78 | 0.07 | ~0.84 | 1.25 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
60°C333.15 K <br />140 °F <br />599.67 °R <br /> | 37.19 | ~0.07 | ~0.94 | 1.24 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
70°C343.15 K <br />158 °F <br />617.67 °R <br /> | 37.62 | ~0.08 | 1.033 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
80°C353.15 K <br />176 °F <br />635.67 °R <br /> | 38.13 | 0.08 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
90°C363.15 K <br />194 °F <br />653.67 °R <br /> | ~38.8 | 0.162 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
100°C373.15 K <br />212 °F <br />671.67 °R <br /> | 39.4 |
Gallery
Growth for a monthSodium chloride, Aleksandr Chernikh, VKontakteVKontakte
Growth for a monthSodium chloride, Aleksandr Chernikh, VKontakteVKontakte
Growth with a large addition of iron(III) chloride during 6 monthsSodium chloride, Dmitry Shintyakov, Personal crystal growing collectionPersonal crystal growing collection
Growth with a large addition of iron(III) chloride during 6 monthsSodium chloride, Dmitry Shintyakov, Personal crystal growing collectionPersonal crystal growing collection
Growth with a large addition of iron(III) chloride during 6 monthsSodium chloride, Dmitry Shintyakov, Personal crystal growing collectionPersonal crystal growing collection
Growth with a large addition of iron(III) chloride during 6 monthsSodium chloride, Dmitry Shintyakov, Personal crystal growing collectionPersonal crystal growing collection
Hopper faceSodium chloride, Maxim Skokov, VKontakteVKontakte
Growth from rock salt during the monthSodium chloride, Andrey Dvoeglazov, VKontakteVKontakte
Growth from a solution with 20% addition of ureaSodium chloride, Dmitry Bondarenko, HimikLab.org.ua siteHimikLab.org.ua site
Growth from a solution with 20% addition of ureaSodium chloride, Dmitry Bondarenko, HimikLab.org.ua siteHimikLab.org.ua site
Growth on the surface of saturated solutionSodium chloride, Vasilio, PikabuPikabu
Sodium chloride dihydrate crystals, grown at negative temperatureSodium chloride, Dmitry Bondarenko, HimikLab.org.ua siteHimikLab.org.ua site
Crystals colored with food dyeSodium chloride, Martinov Maxim, VKontakteVKontakte
Crystals colored with food dyeSodium chloride, Martinov Maxim, VKontakteVKontakte