Sodium chloride

Sodium chloride ;
Names:	sodium chloride; salt; table salt; edible salt; rock salt; regular salt; common salt; sea salt; Е508 food additive;
Formula:	NaCl;
Molar mass:	58.443 g/mol;
Density:	2.165 g/cm3;
Crystal system:	cubic (anhydrous); a=5.6404 Å, b=5.6404 Å, c=5.6404 Åα=90°, β=90°, γ=90°; monoclinic (dihydrate); α=90°, γ=90°;
Shapes:	https://en.crystalls.info/w/uploads/media/f/f1/Cube.json Cube https://en.crystalls.info/w/uploads/media/a/af/Tetragonal_prism.json Tetragonal prism https://en.crystalls.info/w/uploads/media/3/30/Tetragonal_flat_prism.json Tetragonal flat prism https://en.crystalls.info/w/uploads/media/c/c4/Tetragonal_pedion.json Tetragonal pedion https://en.crystalls.info/w/uploads/media/3/37/Octahedron.json Octahedron https://en.crystalls.info/w/uploads/media/8/8f/Tetragonal_pyramid.json Tetragonal pyramid https://en.crystalls.info/w/uploads/media/5/51/Rhombic_pedion.json Rhombic pedion https://en.crystalls.info/w/uploads/media/7/7b/Beveled_rhombic_prism.json Beveled rhombic prism ;
Color:	colorless; white; grey;
Melting point:	800.7 °C1,073.85 K <br />1,473.26 °F <br />1,932.93 °R <br />;
Boiling point:	1465 °C1,738.15 K <br />2,669 °F <br />3,128.67 °R <br />;
Decomposition point:	0.15 °C273.3 K <br />32.27 °F <br />491.94 °R <br /> (dihydrate);
Refractive index:	1.5442 ;
Magnetic properties:	diamagnetic; χ=-3.03 · 10-5cm³/mol;
Stability:	stable;
Hardness:	strong; (2.5 on Moh's scale);
Toxicity:	non-toxic; LD50=3000mg/kg

Description

Inorganic compound, salt of alkaline metal sodium and inorganic hydrochloric acid. Doesn't form water hydrates.

Minerals

Occurs in nature as halite and hydrohalite minerals.

Where to buy

Can be bought in grocery store (as "table salt", mixture with small amount of potassium and magnesium chlorides).

Precursors

Reaction between sodium hydroxide, hydrocarbonate or carbonate and hydrochloric acid

Chemical equation:

HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H₂O

HCl + NaHCO₃ = NaCl + H₂O + CO₂↑

2HCl + Na₂CO₃ = 2NaCl + H₂O + CO₂↑

For preparation of 100.00g of sodium chloride а 68.44g of hydroxide or 143.74g of hydrocarbonate or 90.68g of carbonate and 164.18g of 38%38% hydrochloric acid is required.

Add acid to the flask, then add small parts of sodium compound with stirring until it will totally dissolve or, if you use carbonate, until carbon dioxide emission will stop. After reaction will stop, filter the solution and use it for crystal growing.

Influence of temperature

Increase solution temperature to 40° or more leads to growing only polycrystals or crust on the walls of vessel. Below this temperature in most cases a "hopper" or "skeletal" growth begins - the growth of large single crystals begins on the faces of other single crystal, forming a something like a frame or "skeleton".
Crystals of dihydrate begin to form at negative solution temperatures

Influence of impurities

The addition of significant amounts of other metal chlorides positively affects at crystal size and shape. For example, the additition of iron(II) chloride leads to growing large crystals with slight yellow-brown impregnations inside. Similarly, the addition of copper(II) chloride leads to forming large green color crystals. An admixture of more than 40% of potassium chloride leads to growing large colorless single crystals.
Also, addition of dyes or some organic compounds influenses crystal shape. For example, addition or urea leads to changing crystal shape to cuboctahedron, octahedron or their derivatives, often distorted.
Some solvents have the same effect. Growing crystal from a mixture of water and ethanol leads to forming pyramids, while growing from ammonia solution changes shape to a snowflake-like one.
Adding a little glycine(~8g/L) can improve the transparency.

Notes

Crystalverse.com site provides a step-by-step instruction for growing large cubic or pyramid crystals of table salt.

Storage conditions

Keep in its original form or under several layers of varnish at average humidity and room temperature. Do not keep crystals near heaters.

Solubility

TableGraph

Temperature	g/`100,00` g water	g/`100,00` g ethanol 40%	g/`100,00` g ethanol 50%	g/`100,00` g ethanol 75%	g/`100,00` g ethanol	g/`100,00` g methanol	g/`100,00` g glycerol	g/`100,00` g ethyl acetate	g/`100,00` g ethylene glycol	g/`100,00` g hydrochloric acid	g/`100,00` g acetic acid	g/`100,00` g propanol	g/`100,00` g isopropanol	g/`100,00` g isobutanol	g/`100,00` g ammonia	g/`100,00` g hydrazine	g/`100,00` g acetonitrile	g/`100,00` g benzyl alcohol	g/`100,00` g hydroxylamine	g/`100,00` g dimethylformamide	g/`100,00` g isoamyl alcohol	g/`100,00` g N-methylformamide	g/`100,00` g formamide	g/`100,00` g 1-butanol	g/`100,00` g 1-hexanol	g/`100,00` g 1-pentanol	g/`100,00` g 2-butanol
0°C273.15 K <br />32 °F <br />491.67 °R <br />	`35.7`								`46.4`						`12.9`
15°C288.15 K <br />59 °F <br />518.67 °R <br />		`13.25`	`9.77`	`0.661`
20°C293.15 K <br />68 °F <br />527.67 °R <br />	`35.9`			`0.7`		`1.43`								`0.0005`		`8`	`0.00015`	`0.017`	`14.7`		`0.0016`			`0.005`	`0.001`	`0.002`
25°C298.15 K <br />77 °F <br />536.67 °R <br />	`36.02`				`0.06`	`1.39`	`8.2`	`0.24`	`7.15`			`0.012`	`0.0027`				`0.00025`			`0.04`		`3.2`	`9.4`				`0.00047`
30°C303.15 K <br />86 °F <br />545.67 °R <br />	`36.15`					`1.38`				`0.11`	`0.074`
40°C313.15 K <br />104 °F <br />563.67 °R <br />	`36.43`			`0.736`		`1.33`
50°C323.15 K <br />122 °F <br />581.67 °R <br />	`36.78`				`0.07`	`1.25`
60°C333.15 K <br />140 °F <br />599.67 °R <br />	`37.19`					`1.24`
70°C343.15 K <br />158 °F <br />617.67 °R <br />	`37.62`			`1.033`
80°C353.15 K <br />176 °F <br />635.67 °R <br />	`38.13`				`0.08`
90°C363.15 K <br />194 °F <br />653.67 °R <br />											`0.162`
100°C373.15 K <br />212 °F <br />671.67 °R <br />	`39.4`

Insoluble in acetone, diethyl ether, pyridine, methyl acetate and benzonitrile.

Gallery

Growth for a monthSodium chloride, Aleksandr Chernikh, VKontakteAleksandr ChernikhVKontakte
Growth for a monthSodium chloride, Aleksandr Chernikh, VKontakteAleksandr ChernikhVKontakte
Sodium chlorideAleksandr Chernikh, VKontakteAleksandr ChernikhVKontakte
Sodium chlorideStanislav Popov, VKontakteStanislav PopovVKontakte
Growth with a large addition of iron(III) chloride during 6 monthsSodium chloride, Dmitry Shintyakov, Personal crystal growing collectionDmitry ShintyakovPersonal crystal growing collection
Growth with a large addition of iron(III) chloride during 6 monthsSodium chloride, Dmitry Shintyakov, Personal crystal growing collectionDmitry ShintyakovPersonal crystal growing collection
Growth with a large addition of iron(III) chloride during 6 monthsSodium chloride, Dmitry Shintyakov, Personal crystal growing collectionDmitry ShintyakovPersonal crystal growing collection
Growth with a large addition of iron(III) chloride during 6 monthsSodium chloride, Dmitry Shintyakov, Personal crystal growing collectionDmitry ShintyakovPersonal crystal growing collection
Sodium chlorideAleksandr Chernikh, VKontakteAleksandr ChernikhVKontakte
Hopper faceSodium chloride, Maxim Skokov, VKontakteMaxim SkokovVKontakte
Growth from rock salt during the monthSodium chloride, Andrey Dvoeglazov, VKontakteAndrey DvoeglazovVKontakte
Growth from a solution with 20% addition of ureaSodium chloride, Dmitry Bondarenko, HimikLab.org.ua siteDmitry BondarenkoHimikLab.org.ua site
Growth from a solution with 20% addition of ureaSodium chloride, Dmitry Bondarenko, HimikLab.org.ua siteDmitry BondarenkoHimikLab.org.ua site
Growth on the surface of saturated solutionSodium chloride, Vasilio, PikabuVasilioPikabu
Sodium chloride dihydrate crystals, grown at negative temperatureSodium chloride, Dmitry Bondarenko, HimikLab.org.ua siteDmitry BondarenkoHimikLab.org.ua site
Crystals colored with food dyeSodium chloride, Martinov Maxim, VKontakteMartinov MaximVKontakte
Crystals colored with food dyeSodium chloride, Martinov Maxim, VKontakteMartinov MaximVKontakte

Video

Sources

Chlorides
Salts	Ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) • Barium chloride (BaCl₂) • Calcium chloride (CaCl₂) • Cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) • Cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl₂) • Copper(II) chloride (CuCl₂) • Iron(II) chloride (FeCl₂) • Iron(III) chloride (FeCl₃) • Lead(II) chloride (PbCl) • Manganese(II) chloride (MnCl₂) • Potassium chloride (KCl) • Sodium chloride (NaCl) • Strontium chloride (SrCl₂) • Tin(II) chloride (SnCl₂) • Zirconyl chloride (ZrOCl₂)
Double salts	Rubidium-gold(III)-palladium(II) chloride (2RbCl · AuCl₃ · PdCl₂)
Adducts	Diglycine hydrochloride (2NH₂CH₂COOH · HCl) • Glutamic acid hydrochloride (C₅H₉NO₄ · HCl) • Glucose and sodium chloride adduct (2C₆H₁₂O₆ · NaCl) • Hydroxylammonium chloride (NH₂OH · HCl) • P-nitroaniline hydrochloride (C₆H₆N₂O₂ · HCl) • Urea and sodium chloride adduct (CO(NH₄)₂ · NaCl)
Complexes	Ammonium pentachloroferrate(III) ((NH₄)₂[FeCl₅]) • Ammonium tetrachlorocuprate(II) ((NH₄)₂[CuCl₄]) • Lithium trioxalatoferrate(III)-chloride (Li₄[Fe(C₂O₄)₃]Cl) • Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride ([Co(NH₃)₆]Cl₂) • Hexaamminenickel chloride ([Ni(NH₃)₆]Cl₂) • Potassium hexachlororhodate(III) (K₃[RhCl₆])

Sodium compounds
Salts	Sodium acetate (NaCH₃COO) • Sodium bromide (NaBr) • Sodium citrate (Na₃C₃H₅O(COO)₃) • Sodium chlorate (NaClO₃) • Sodium chloride (NaCl) • Sodium cyclamate (C₆H₁₂NNaO₃S) • Sodium decavanadate (Na₆V₁₀O₂₈) • Sodium ethilate (NaC₂H₅O) • Sodium glutamate (NaC₅H₈NO₄) • Sodium hydrocarbonate (NaHCO₃) • Sodium hydrosulfate (NaHSO₄) • Sodium iodide (NaI) • Sodium metavanadate (NaVO₃) • Sodium niobate (NaNbO₃) • Sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) • Sodium oxalate (Na₂C₂O₄) • Sodium para-aminosalicylate (C₇H₆NNaO₃) • Sodium perchlorate (NaClO₄) • Sodium saccharinate (C₇H₄NaNO₃S) • Sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) • Sodium sulfide (Na₂S) • Sodium tetraborate (Na₂B₄O₇) • Sodium thiosulfate (Na₂S₂O₃) • Sodium trichloroacetate (NaCCl₃COO) • Sodium trioxalatoaluminate (Na₃[Al(C₂O₄)₃]) • Sodium tungstate (Na₂WO₄)
Double salts	Potassium-sodium tartrate (KNaC₄H₄O₆) • Sodium-ammonium sulfate (NaNH₄SO₄) • Uranyl-sodium acetate (NaUО2(CH₃COO)₃) • Uranyl-zinc-sodium acetate (NaZn(UO₂)₃(CH₃COO)₉) • Zinc-sodium sulfate (Na₂Zn(SO₄)₂)
Adducts	Glucose and sodium bromide adduct (2C₆H₁₂O₆ · NaBr) • Glucose and sodium chloride adduct (2C₆H₁₂O₆ · NaCl) • Urea and sodium chloride adduct (CO(NH₄)₂ · NaCl)
Complex compounds	Sodium dicarbonatocuprate(II) (Na₂[Cu(CO₃)₂]) • Sodium dioxalatocuprate(II) (Na₂[Cu(C₂O₄)₂]) • Sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate-ferrate(III) (Na[Fe((OOCCH₂)₂N(CH₂)₂N(CH₂COO)₂)]) • Sodium hexacyanoferrate(II) (Na₄[Fe(CN)₆]) • Tripotassium-sodium hexacyanoferrate(II) (K₃Na[Fe(CN)₆]) • Sodium hexafluorosilicate (Na₂[SiF₆]) • Sodium nitroprusside (Na₂[Fe(CN)₅NO]) • Sodium trioxalatochromate(III) (Ns₃[Cr(C₂O₄)₃]) • Dipotassium-sodium trioxalatoferrate(III) (K₂Na[Fe(C₂O₄)₃]) • Potassium-sodium trioxalatoferrate(III) (K₅Na[Fe(C₂O₄)₃]₂) • Sodium trioxalatoferrate(III) (Na₃[Fe(C₂O₄)₃])

Sodium chloride
Names:	sodium chloride salt table salt edible salt rock salt regular salt common salt sea salt Е508 food additive
Formula:	NaCl
Molar mass:	58.443 g/mol
Density:	2.165 g/cm³
Crystal system:	cubic (anhydrous) a=5.6404 Å, b=5.6404 Å, c=5.6404 Åα=90°, β=90°, γ=90° monoclinic (dihydrate) α=90°, γ=90°
Shapes:	Cube Tetragonal prism Tetragonal flat prism Tetragonal pedion Octahedron Tetragonal pyramid Rhombic pedion Beveled rhombic prism
Color:	colorless white grey
Melting point:	800.7 °C1,073.85 K <br />1,473.26 °F <br />1,932.93 °R <br />
Boiling point:	1465 °C1,738.15 K <br />2,669 °F <br />3,128.67 °R <br />
Decomposition point:	0.15 °C273.3 K <br />32.27 °F <br />491.94 °R <br /> (dihydrate)
Refractive index:	1.5442
Magnetic properties:	diamagnetic χ=-3.03 · 10^-5cm³/mol
Stability:	stable
Hardness:	strong (2.5 on Moh's scale)
Toxicity:	non-toxic LD₅₀=3000mg/kg