Zinc sulfate

Zinc sulfate ;
Names:	zinc sulfate; zinc(II) sulfate; zinc vitriol; white vitriol;
Formula:	ZnSO4 (anhydrous); ZnSO4 · H2O (monohydrate); ZnSO4 · 4H2O (tetrahydrate); ZnSO4 · 6H2O (hexahydrate); ZnSO4 · 7H2O (heptahydrate);
Molar mass:	161.451 g/mol (anhydrous); 179.466 g/mol (monohydrate); 233.511 g/mol (tetrahydrate); 269.540 g/mol (hexahydrate); 287.555 g/mol (heptahydrate);
Density:	3.54 g/cm3 (anhydrous); 2.072 g/cm3 (hexahydrate); 1.97 g/cm3 (heptahydrate);
Crystal system:	orthorhombic (heptahydrate); a=11.8176 Å, b=12.0755 Å, c=6.8270 Åα=90°, β=90°, γ=90°; monoclinic (tetrahydrate); a=5.094 Å, b=13.519 Å, c=7.883 Åα=90°, β=90.26°, γ=90°;
Shapes:	https://en.crystalls.info/w/uploads/media/f/f4/Deformed_hexagonal_prism.json Deformed hexagonal prism https://en.crystalls.info/w/uploads/media/b/bc/Rhombic_prism.json Rhombic prism https://en.crystalls.info/w/uploads/media/5/52/Needle.json Needle ;
Color:	colorless;
Refractive index:	1.4357 (heptahydrate); 1.658 (anhydrous);
Magnetic properties:	diamagnetic; χ=-4.50 · 10-5cm³/mol;
Stability:	erodes (heptahydrate);
Toxicity:	slightly toxic; LD50=700mg/kg

Description

Inorganic compound, salt of transitional metal zinc and inorganic sulfuric acid. From water solutions crystallizes as heptahydrate, hexahydrate, tetrahydrate and monohydrate.

Minerals

Occurs in nature as goslarite, boyleite and zinkosite minerals.

Precursors

Reaction between metal zinc and sulfuric acid

Chemical equation:

(NH₄)₂SO₄ + ZnSO₄ = (NH₄)₂Zn(SO₄)₂↓

For preparation of 100.00g of zinc sulfate

heptahydrateheptahydrate
hexahydrate
tetrahydrate
monohydrate
anhydrous

а 22.74g of zinc is required.

Add acid solution to the flask, then add zinc pieces, shavings or powder and stir it until gas emission will stop. After reaction will stop, filter the solution and use it for crystal growing.

Reaction between metal zinc oxode, hydroxide or carbonate with sulfuric acid

Chemical equation:

ZnO + H₂SO₄ = ZnSO₄ + H₂O

Zn(OH)₂ + H₂SO₄ = ZnSO₄ + 2H₂O

ZnCO₃ + H₂SO₄ = ZnSO₄ + H₂O + CO₂↑

For preparation of 100.00g of zinc sulfate

heptahydrateheptahydrate
hexahydrate
tetrahydrate
monohydrate
anhydrous

а 28.30g of zinc oxide or 34.57g of hydroxide or 43.61g of carbonate and 92.18g of 37%37% sulfuric acid is required.

Add acid to the flask, then add small parts of zinc compound with stirring until it will totally dissolve or, if you use carbonate, until carbon dioxide emission will stop. After reaction will stop, filter the solution and use it for crystal growing.

Influence of impurities

Even small addition of copper or iron sulfates leads to growing mostly polycrystals or a crust on walls of a vessel. It is possible to get rid of those impurities by electrolysis or by recrystallization.

Notes

In most cases, polycrystals are formed.

Storage conditions

For crystal storing use hermetic vessel with small amount of saturated solution at the bottom or place wadding moistened with such solution. You can use such alternatives as vessel with vaseline or vegetable oil, organic non-hygroscopic solvent (kerosene, benzine or paraffin). Also you can use acrylate polymer or another kinds of solidifying plastic.

Solubility

TableGraph

Temperature	гр/`100,00` гр water		гр/`100,00` гр ethanol	гр/`100,00` гр methanol	гр/`100,00` гр glycerol	гр/`100,00` гр sulfuric acid
Temperature	(anhydrous)	(heptahydrate)	(anhydrous)	(anhydrous)	(anhydrous)	(anhydrous)
0°C273.15 K <br />32 °F <br />491.67 °R <br />	`41.8`
10°C283.15 K <br />50 °F <br />509.67 °R <br />	`47.5`
15°C288.15 K <br />59 °F <br />518.67 °R <br />			`0.038`	`0.485`
15.5°C288.65 K <br />59.9 °F <br />519.57 °R <br />					`35`
20°C293.15 K <br />68 °F <br />527.67 °R <br />	`54.1`
25°C298.15 K <br />77 °F <br />536.67 °R <br />	`58`		`0.034`	`0.428`		`0.28`
30°C303.15 K <br />86 °F <br />545.67 °R <br />	`62.1`
34°C307.15 K <br />93.2 °F <br />552.87 °R <br />		`182.82`
35°C308.15 K <br />95 °F <br />554.67 °R <br />			`0.029`	`0.408`
40°C313.15 K <br />104 °F <br />563.67 °R <br />	`70.4`
45°C318.15 K <br />113 °F <br />572.67 °R <br />				`0.42`
55°C328.15 K <br />131 °F <br />590.67 °R <br />			`0.02`	`0.463`
60°C333.15 K <br />140 °F <br />599.67 °R <br />	`74.8`
80°C353.15 K <br />176 °F <br />635.67 °R <br />	`67.2`
100°C373.15 K <br />212 °F <br />671.67 °R <br />	`60.5`
128.6°C401.75 K <br />263.48 °F <br />723.15 °R <br />						`1.11`

Insoluble in ethyl acetate, hydrofluoric acid, acetic acid and hydrazine.

Gallery

Sources

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Sulfates
Simple	Aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃) • Ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) • Calcium sulfate (CaSO₄) • Cadmium sulfate (CdSO₄) • Cerium(III) sulfate (Ce₂(SO₄)₃) • Cerium(IV) sulfate (Ce(SO₄)₂) • Chromium(III) sulfate (Cr₂(SO₄)₃) • Cobalt(II) sulfate (CoSO₄) • Copper(II) sulfate (CuSO₄) • Gadolinium sulfate (Gd₂(SO₄)₃) • Holmium sulfate (Ho₂(SO₄)₃) • Hydrazine sulfate (N₂H₄ · H₂SO₄) • Iron(II) sulfate (FeSO₄) • Iron(III) sulfate (Fe₂(SO₄)₃) • Lanthanum sulfate (La₂(SO₄)₃) • Lithium sulfate (Li₂SO₄) • Magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) • Manganese(II) sulfate (MnSO₄) • Neodymium sulfate (Nd₂(SO₄)₃) • Nickel sulfate (NiSO₄) • Potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) • Praseodymium(III) sulfate (Pr₂(SO₄)₃) • Rubidium sulfate (Rb₂SO₄) • Sodium hydrosulfate (NaHSO₄) • Sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) • Yttrium sulfate (Gd₂(SO₄)₃) • Zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄)
Alums	Aluminum-ammonium sulfate (NH₄Al(SO₄)₂) • Aluminum-potassium sulfate (KAl(SO₄)₂) • Chromium(III)-ammonium sulfate (NH₄Cr(SO₄)₂) • Chromium(III)-potassium sulfate (KCr(SO₄)₂) • Cobalt(III)-ammonium sulfate (NH₄Co(SO₄)₂) • Indium(III)-potassium sulfate (KIn(SO₄)₂) • Iron(III)-ammonium sulfate (NH₄Fe(SO₄)₂) • Iron(III)-potassium sulfate (KFe(SO₄)₂) • Manganese(III)-ammonium sulfate (NH₄Mn(SO₄)₂) • Vanadium(III)-ammonium sulfate (NH₄V(SO₄)₂)
Tutton's salts	Chromium(II)-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Cr(SO₄)₂) • Cobalt(II)-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Co(SO₄)₂) • Cobalt(II)-potassium sulfate (K₂Co(SO₄)₂) • Copper(II)-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Cu(SO₄)₂) • Copper(II)-potassium sulfate (K₂Cu(SO₄)₂) • Iron(II)-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂) • Iron(II)-potassium sulfate (K₂Fe(SO₄)₂) • Magnesium-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Mg(SO₄)₂) • Magnesium-potassium sulfate (K₂Mg(SO₄)₂) • Magnesium-potassium sulfate-chromate (K₂CrO₄ · MgSO₄) • Manganese(II)-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Mn(SO₄)₂) • Manganese(II)-potassium sulfate (K₂Mn(SO₄)₂) • Nickel-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Ni(SO₄)₂) • Nickel-potassium sulfate (K₂Ni(SO₄)₂) • Vanadium(II)-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂V(SO₄)₂) • Zinc-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Zn(SO₄)₂) • Zinc-potassium sulfate (K₂Zn(SO₄)₂) •
Double salts	Copper(II)-iron(II) sulfate ((Cu,Fe)SO₄) • Iron(II)-magnesium sulfate ((Fe,Mg)SO₄) • Lithium-potassium sulfate (KLiSO₄) • Sodium-ammonium sulfate (NaNH₄SO₄) • Zinc-sodium sulfate (Na₂Zn(SO₄)₂) •
Adducts	Triglycine sulfate ((NH₂CH₂COOH)₃ · H₂SO₄) • Glutamic acid sulfate (C₅H₉NO₄ · H₂SO₄)
Complexes	Cerium(III) sulfocerate(IV) (Ce₄[Ce(SO₄)₄]₃) • Glycinecopper(II) sulfate ([Cu(NH₂CH₂COOH)]SO₄) • Hexakarbamatzinc sulfate ([(CON₂H₄)₆Zn]SO₄) • Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate ([Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄) • Tris(hydroxymethil)methanoaminecopper(II) sulfate ([Cu(NH₂C(CH₂OH)₃)₄]SO₄)

Zinc compounds

Hexakarbamatzinc sulfate ([(CON₂H₄)₆Zn]SO₄) • Zinc (Zn) • Zinc acetate (Zn(CH₃COO)₂) • Uranyl-zinc-sodium acetate (NaZn(UO₂)₃(CH₃COO)₉) • Zinc dihydrophosphate (Zn(H₂PO₄)₂) • Zinc formate (Zn(COOH)₂) • Zinc nitrate (Zn(NO₃)₂) • Zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄) • Zinc-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Zn(SO₄)₂) • Zinc-potassium sulfate (K₂Zn(SO₄)₂) • Zinc-sodium sulfate (Na₂Zn(SO₄)₂)

Zinc sulfate
Names:	zinc sulfate zinc(II) sulfate zinc vitriol white vitriol
Formula:	ZnSO₄ (anhydrous) ZnSO₄ · H₂O (monohydrate) ZnSO₄ · 4H₂O (tetrahydrate) ZnSO₄ · 6H₂O (hexahydrate) ZnSO₄ · 7H₂O (heptahydrate)
Molar mass:	161.451 g/mol (anhydrous) 179.466 g/mol (monohydrate) 233.511 g/mol (tetrahydrate) 269.540 g/mol (hexahydrate) 287.555 g/mol (heptahydrate)
Density:	3.54 g/cm³ (anhydrous) 2.072 g/cm³ (hexahydrate) 1.97 g/cm³ (heptahydrate)
Crystal system:	orthorhombic (heptahydrate) a=11.8176 Å, b=12.0755 Å, c=6.8270 Åα=90°, β=90°, γ=90° monoclinic (tetrahydrate) a=5.094 Å, b=13.519 Å, c=7.883 Åα=90°, β=90.26°, γ=90°
Shapes:	Deformed hexagonal prism Rhombic prism Needle
Color:	colorless
Refractive index:	1.4357 (heptahydrate) 1.658 (anhydrous)
Magnetic properties:	diamagnetic χ=-4.50 · 10^-5cm³/mol
Stability:	erodes (heptahydrate)
Toxicity:	slightly toxic LD₅₀=700mg/kg