Nickel sulfate

Nickel sulfate ;
Names:	nickel sulfate; nickel(II) sulfate; nickelous sulfate;
Formula:	NiSO4 (anhydrous); NiSO4 · H2O (monohydrate); NiSO4 · 6H2O (hexahydrate); NiSO4 · 7H2O (heptahydrate);
Molar mass:	154.754 g/mol (anhydrous); 172.769 g/mol (monohydrate); 262.843 g/mol (hexahydrate); 280.858 g/mol (heptahydrate);
Density:	4.01 g/cm3 (anhydrous); 2.07 g/cm3 (hexahydrate); 1.948 g/cm3 (heptahydrate);
Crystal system:	orthorhombic (heptahydrate); a=10.18 Å, b=10.20 Å, c=6.80 Åα=90°, β=90°, γ=90°; tetragonal (α-hexahydrate); a=6.7837 Å, b=6.7837 Å, c=18.2772 Åα=90°, β=90°, γ=90°; monoclinic (β-hexahydrate); a=9.880 Å, b=7.228 Å, c=24.130 Åα=90°, β=9.88°, γ=90°; orthorhombic (monohydrate); a=7.398 Å, b=7.591 Å, c=6.831 Åα=90°, β=90°, γ=90°; orthorhombic (anhydrous); a=5.1596 Å, b=7.8362 Å, c=6.3378 Åα=90°, β=90°, γ=90°;
Shapes:	https://en.crystalls.info/w/uploads/media/a/af/Tetragonal_prism.json Tetragonal prism https://en.crystalls.info/w/uploads/media/f/f1/Truncated_tetragonal_pyramid.json Truncated tetragonal pyramid https://en.crystalls.info/w/uploads/media/9/9c/Truncated_hexagonal_pyramid.json Truncated hexagonal pyramid ;
Color:	green; blue-green;
Decomposition point:	31.5 °C304.65 K <br />88.7 °F <br />548.37 °R <br /> (heptahydrate); 53.8 °C326.95 K <br />128.84 °F <br />588.51 °R <br /> (α-hexahydrate); 118 °C391.15 K <br />244.4 °F <br />704.07 °R <br /> (β-hexahydrate); 280 °C553.15 K <br />536 °F <br />995.67 °R <br /> (monohydrate); 640 °C913.15 K <br />1,184 °F <br />1,643.67 °R <br /> (anhydrous);
Refractive index:	1.511 (hexahydrate); 1.467 (heptahydrate);
Magnetic properties:	paramagnetic; χ=4.00 · 10-3cm³/mol;
Stability:	erodes (heptahydrate); stable (hexahydrate); hygroscopic (anhydrous);
Toxicity:	moderately toxic; LD50=264mg/kg

Description

Inorganic compound, salt of bivalent transitional metal nickel and inorganic sulfuric acid. From water solutions crystallizes as heptahydrate, hexahydrate and monohydrate.

Minerals

Occurs in nature as morenosite, retgersite and nickelhexahydrite minerals.

Precursors

Reaction between nickel carbonate, hydroxide or oxide, and sulfuric acid

Chemical equation:

H₂SO₄ + NiCO₃ = NiSO₄ + H₂O + CO₂↑

H₂SO₄ + Ni(OH)₂ = NiSO₄ + 2H₂O

H₂SO₄ + NiO = NiSO₄ + H₂O

For preparation of 100.00g of nickel sulfate

heptahydrateheptahydrate
hexahydrate
monohydrate
anhydrous

а 42.26g of carbonate or 33.01g of hydroxide or 26.59g of oxide and 94.38g of 37%37% sulfuric acid is required.

Add acid to the flask, then add small parts of nickel compound with stirring until it will totally dissolve or, if you use carbonate, until carbon dioxide emission will stop. After reaction will stop, filter the solution and use it for crystal growing.

Influence of temperature

Growing at room temperature produces unstable heptahydrate while growing from a warm solution (31.5+ °C) produces a hexahydrate.

Influence of pH level

Large amounts of sulfuric acid (~30-40% of solution by weight) leads to growing hexahydrates. Otherwise heptahydrates are formed.

Storage conditions

For crystal storing use hermetic vessel with small amount of saturated solution at the bottom or place wadding moistened with such solution. You can use such alternatives as vessel with vaseline or vegetable oil, organic non-hygroscopic solvent (kerosene, benzine or paraffin). Also you can use acrylate polymer or another kinds of solidifying plastic.

Solubility

TableGraph

Temperature	гр/`100,00` гр water			гр/`100,00` гр ethanol		гр/`100,00` гр methanol		гр/`100,00` гр ethylene glycol
Temperature	(anhydrous)	(hexahydrate)	(heptahydrate)	(anhydrous)	(heptahydrate)	(anhydrous)	(heptahydrate)	(anhydrous)
0°C273.15 K <br />32 °F <br />491.67 °R <br />	`28.1`
4°C277.15 K <br />39.2 °F <br />498.87 °R <br />					`1.4`
10°C283.15 K <br />50 °F <br />509.67 °R <br />	`33.0`
15°C288.15 K <br />59 °F <br />518.67 °R <br />				`0.017`		`0.061`
15.5°C288.65 K <br />59.9 °F <br />519.57 °R <br />			`75.6`
20°C293.15 K <br />68 °F <br />527.67 °R <br />	`38.4`	`65.52`					`12.5`	`10.7`
25°C298.15 K <br />77 °F <br />536.67 °R <br />	`41.2`					`0.081`
30°C303.15 K <br />86 °F <br />545.67 °R <br />	`44.1`
35°C308.15 K <br />95 °F <br />554.67 °R <br />		`~100`		`0.02`		`0.11`
40°C313.15 K <br />104 °F <br />563.67 °R <br />	`48.2`	`~115`
45°C318.15 K <br />113 °F <br />572.67 °R <br />		`~133`		`0.022`		`0.157`
50°C323.15 K <br />122 °F <br />581.67 °R <br />	`52.8`	`~145`
55°C328.15 K <br />131 °F <br />590.67 °R <br />		`~150`		`0.025`		`0.222`
60°C333.15 K <br />140 °F <br />599.67 °R <br />	`56.9`
80°C353.15 K <br />176 °F <br />635.67 °R <br />	`66.7`
100°C373.15 K <br />212 °F <br />671.67 °R <br />		`340.7`	`475.8`
104°C377.15 K <br />219.2 °F <br />678.87 °R <br />	`69.3`

Gallery

Hexahydrate. Grown within a monthNickel sulfate, Eugene Dudko, VKontakteEugene DudkoVKontakte
Hexahydrate. Small addition of sulfuric acid (~7 ml of concentrated acid per 100 ml of solution)Nickel sulfate, Vladimir Semikin, VKontakteVladimir SemikinVKontakte
HexahydrateNickel sulfate, Ivan Pshenitsin, VKontakteIvan PshenitsinVKontakte
HexahydrateNickel sulfate, Ivan Pshenitsin, VKontakteIvan PshenitsinVKontakte
HexahydrateNickel sulfate, Ivan Pshenitsin, VKontakteIvan PshenitsinVKontakte
HexahydrateNickel sulfate, Ivan Pshenitsin, VKontakteIvan PshenitsinVKontakte
HeptahydrateNickel sulfate, Gleb Vertyankin, VKontakteGleb VertyankinVKontakte
Heptahydrate. Grown within a monthNickel sulfate, Egor Kazakov, VKontakteEgor KazakovVKontakte
Heptahydrate. Grown within a monthNickel sulfate, Egor Kazakov, VKontakteEgor KazakovVKontakte

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Nickel compounds
Salts	Nickel (Ni) • Nickel acetate (Ni(CH₃COO)₂) • Nickel nitrate (Ni(NO₃)₂) • Nickel sulfate (NiSO₄) • Nickel tartrate (NiC₄H₄O₆)
Double salts	Nickel-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Ni(SO₄)₂) • Nickel-potassium sulfate (K₂Ni(SO₄)₂)
Complexes	Hexaamminenickel chloride ([Ni(NH₃)₆]Cl₂) • Tris(ethylenediamine)nickel(II) oxalate ([Ni(H₂NCH₂CH₂NH₂)₃]C₂O₄)

Sulfates
Simple	Aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃) • Ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) • Calcium sulfate (CaSO₄) • Cadmium sulfate (CdSO₄) • Cerium(III) sulfate (Ce₂(SO₄)₃) • Cerium(IV) sulfate (Ce(SO₄)₂) • Chromium(III) sulfate (Cr₂(SO₄)₃) • Cobalt(II) sulfate (CoSO₄) • Copper(II) sulfate (CuSO₄) • Gadolinium sulfate (Gd₂(SO₄)₃) • Holmium sulfate (Ho₂(SO₄)₃) • Hydrazine sulfate (N₂H₄ · H₂SO₄) • Iron(II) sulfate (FeSO₄) • Iron(III) sulfate (Fe₂(SO₄)₃) • Lanthanum sulfate (La₂(SO₄)₃) • Lithium sulfate (Li₂SO₄) • Magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) • Manganese(II) sulfate (MnSO₄) • Neodymium sulfate (Nd₂(SO₄)₃) • Nickel sulfate (NiSO₄) • Potassium sulfate (K₂SO₄) • Praseodymium(III) sulfate (Pr₂(SO₄)₃) • Rubidium sulfate (Rb₂SO₄) • Sodium hydrosulfate (NaHSO₄) • Sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) • Yttrium sulfate (Gd₂(SO₄)₃) • Zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄)
Alums	Aluminum-ammonium sulfate (NH₄Al(SO₄)₂) • Aluminum-potassium sulfate (KAl(SO₄)₂) • Chromium(III)-ammonium sulfate (NH₄Cr(SO₄)₂) • Chromium(III)-potassium sulfate (KCr(SO₄)₂) • Cobalt(III)-ammonium sulfate (NH₄Co(SO₄)₂) • Indium(III)-potassium sulfate (KIn(SO₄)₂) • Iron(III)-ammonium sulfate (NH₄Fe(SO₄)₂) • Iron(III)-potassium sulfate (KFe(SO₄)₂) • Manganese(III)-ammonium sulfate (NH₄Mn(SO₄)₂) • Vanadium(III)-ammonium sulfate (NH₄V(SO₄)₂)
Tutton's salts	Chromium(II)-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Cr(SO₄)₂) • Cobalt(II)-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Co(SO₄)₂) • Cobalt(II)-potassium sulfate (K₂Co(SO₄)₂) • Copper(II)-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Cu(SO₄)₂) • Copper(II)-potassium sulfate (K₂Cu(SO₄)₂) • Iron(II)-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Fe(SO₄)₂) • Iron(II)-potassium sulfate (K₂Fe(SO₄)₂) • Magnesium-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Mg(SO₄)₂) • Magnesium-potassium sulfate (K₂Mg(SO₄)₂) • Magnesium-potassium sulfate-chromate (K₂CrO₄ · MgSO₄) • Manganese(II)-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Mn(SO₄)₂) • Manganese(II)-potassium sulfate (K₂Mn(SO₄)₂) • Nickel-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Ni(SO₄)₂) • Nickel-potassium sulfate (K₂Ni(SO₄)₂) • Vanadium(II)-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂V(SO₄)₂) • Zinc-ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂Zn(SO₄)₂) • Zinc-potassium sulfate (K₂Zn(SO₄)₂)
Double salts	Copper(II)-iron(II) sulfate ((Cu,Fe)SO₄) • Iron(II)-magnesium sulfate ((Fe,Mg)SO₄) • Lithium-potassium sulfate (KLiSO₄) • Sodium-ammonium sulfate (NaNH₄SO₄) • Zinc-sodium sulfate (Na₂Zn(SO₄)₂)
Adducts	Triglycine sulfate ((NH₂CH₂COOH)₃ · H₂SO₄) • Glutamic acid sulfate (C₅H₉NO₄ · H₂SO₄)
Complexes	Cerium(III) sulfocerate(IV) (Ce₄[Ce(SO₄)₄]₃) • Glycinecopper(II) sulfate ([Cu(NH₂CH₂COOH)]SO₄) • Hexakarbamatzinc sulfate ([(CON₂H₄)₆Zn]SO₄) • Tetraamminecopper(II) sulfate ([Cu(NH₃)₄]SO₄) • Tris(hydroxymethil)methanoaminecopper(II) sulfate ([Cu(NH₂C(CH₂OH)₃)₄]SO₄)

Nickel sulfate
Names:	nickel sulfate nickel(II) sulfate nickelous sulfate
Formula:	NiSO₄ (anhydrous) NiSO₄ · H₂O (monohydrate) NiSO₄ · 6H₂O (hexahydrate) NiSO₄ · 7H₂O (heptahydrate)
Molar mass:	154.754 g/mol (anhydrous) 172.769 g/mol (monohydrate) 262.843 g/mol (hexahydrate) 280.858 g/mol (heptahydrate)
Density:	4.01 g/cm³ (anhydrous) 2.07 g/cm³ (hexahydrate) 1.948 g/cm³ (heptahydrate)
Crystal system:	orthorhombic (heptahydrate) a=10.18 Å, b=10.20 Å, c=6.80 Åα=90°, β=90°, γ=90° tetragonal (α-hexahydrate) a=6.7837 Å, b=6.7837 Å, c=18.2772 Åα=90°, β=90°, γ=90° monoclinic (β-hexahydrate) a=9.880 Å, b=7.228 Å, c=24.130 Åα=90°, β=9.88°, γ=90° orthorhombic (monohydrate) a=7.398 Å, b=7.591 Å, c=6.831 Åα=90°, β=90°, γ=90° orthorhombic (anhydrous) a=5.1596 Å, b=7.8362 Å, c=6.3378 Åα=90°, β=90°, γ=90°
Shapes:	Tetragonal prism Truncated tetragonal pyramid Truncated hexagonal pyramid
Color:	green blue-green
Decomposition point:	31.5 °C304.65 K <br />88.7 °F <br />548.37 °R <br /> (heptahydrate) 53.8 °C326.95 K <br />128.84 °F <br />588.51 °R <br /> (α-hexahydrate) 118 °C391.15 K <br />244.4 °F <br />704.07 °R <br /> (β-hexahydrate) 280 °C553.15 K <br />536 °F <br />995.67 °R <br /> (monohydrate) 640 °C913.15 K <br />1,184 °F <br />1,643.67 °R <br /> (anhydrous)
Refractive index:	1.511 (hexahydrate) 1.467 (heptahydrate)
Magnetic properties:	paramagnetic χ=4.00 · 10^-3cm³/mol
Stability:	erodes (heptahydrate) stable (hexahydrate) hygroscopic (anhydrous)
Toxicity:	moderately toxic LD₅₀=264mg/kg